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以新型南南合作维护多边主义



徐秀丽

当前全球局势日趋复杂,一方面自战后以来形成的多边主义面临多重挑战,严重危及全球经济增长和社会政治稳定;另一方面全球政治经济格局深刻转型,其中引人注目的现象之一就是南方国家的群体性崛起。根据IMF数据,当前新兴市场国家和发展中国家对全球经济增长的贡献率超过80%。与此同时,南方国家间的贸易、投资、援助、移民等都呈攀升态势,新型南南合作逐渐浮出水面。

新型南南合作与20世纪50年代以来形成的传统南南合作具有本质区别,主要体现在以下三个方面:

第一,新型南南合作模式不断升级,全球影响力日增。早期的南南合作主要集中于反帝国主义和反殖民主义背景下“穷帮穷”的政治团结,1978年第一次联合国南南合作高级别会议后形成了以经济技术合作为核心的南南合作。新世纪以来,南南合作规模不断增大,合作方式不断创新,突破了原有的项目合作,逐渐升级到战略对接、政策对话、经贸合作、发展合作等政治、经济、社会、文化等全方位、多角度的综合性合作阶段,合作主体也不断多元,不仅包括政府,还包括私有部门、民间机构等,影响力不断扩大。

第二,新型南南合作方拥有自身独特的发展经验和资源,这为新型合作提供了强大动力和支撑。二战后新独立的南方国家经济上百废待兴,合作规模相对有限,合作方式上也仅能做政治道义上相互声援、经济技术上的有限借鉴与对接。但经过六七十年发展,南方国家之间出现很大分化,尤其中国、印度等新兴国家,不但拥有相对充裕的金融资源,同时更有丰沛的发展资源,它们在长期发展历程中积累了丰富经验,这些经验一方面借鉴了国际上的发展要素和环境,同时又融合了自身的历史和文化,这些独特经验本身就具有极大的发展合作价值,从而为新型南南合作提供了重要物质基础。

第三,新南南合作搭建了众多新型合作机制与平台,具备了参与多边主义的渠道和方式。近年来,一系列新型合作倡议与平台陆续出台,比如设立亚投行、提出并推进“一带一路”倡议、建立南南合作援助基金等,一系列新型机制、平台搭建起来,并逐渐为新多边主义的开拓打开新的局面。

在上述形势下,尤其在国际环境日趋“冷战化”的背景下,中国作为世界上经济规模最大的南方国家,同时也是南南合作的积极倡导者和重要参与者,应在战略高度上考虑如何积极深化新型南南合作,维护全球多边主义,从而更好地为国家长远发展和人类命运共同体的建设提供助力。

首先,理念上,重塑国家利益观,超越狭隘的民族主义,拥抱新型国际主义,积极深化新型南南合作,有力参与维系全球新型多边主义,为国家的进一步繁荣发展建立持续有利的国内和国际环境。

和平的国际环境是发展的前提和基础。中国经济仍有较大潜力,也需要很大的全球发展空间,这与中国和世界经济结构上的互嵌程度越来越深这一现实紧密相关。在此背景下,国家利益已不仅仅是国内利益,还包括海外利益与全球安全,而且后者的比重还在不断攀升。纵观全球,各国内部及国家间收入不平等都正成为滋生安全问题的重要温床,20世纪八九十年代以来盛行的以西方为主导的新自由主义并没有解决这些困境,反而越来越恶化收入差距扩大这一趋势。与此同时,中国发展的历程和经验为其他南方国家提供了选择的平衡性和多样性,如何通过中国倡行的“一带一路”倡议,提供中国方案和中国智慧,推动实现多数人的现代化,实现国家利益和全球利益的统一,是当前我国推动新型南南合作和三方合作的重要前提。

其次,行动上,积极搭建平台,推动全球新型南南合作政策对话。笔者不久前在印度参加由印度外交部主办、印度发展中国家研究和信息系统研究所的“德里进程:南南合作和三角合作”论坛,该论坛已连续举办五届,充分体现了印度在推动新型南南合作方面的意愿、决心和能力。与之相应,中国更是新型南南合作的重要实践者,在南南贸易、投资和援助中占据绝对优势,但我们目前尚缺乏大规模、高规格的南南合作对话机制和平台,这在很大程度上削弱了中国向南方国家、国际社会传播中国发展经验与模式的渠道,也影响了中国与外部世界的互帮互信、互联互通。

事实上,当前中国既具有自身丰富的发展经验,又与其他南方国家有着众多社会政治经济上的互补性需求,同时还与联合国、世界银行等多边发展机构保持紧密联系,因而旗帜鲜明地亮出新型南南合作和三边合作的对话机制,用国际上熟悉的话语而且中国擅长的方式展开多层次的对话和交流,对于国家长远发展和国际形象塑造大有裨益。

再次,研究和人才培养上,应积极设立全球事务、南南合作、国际发展合作等相关学科建制,培养南南合作和三边合作高层次人才。回顾历史,当前的全球秩序和多边主义体系是二战后以美国为首、以西方国家为中心、南方国家为边缘的不平等体系,客观地说,这一体系在战后通过六十多年运行和调整,已有不少完善,但其内在的两个核心未有变化,即一方面西方精英以发展援助为载体积极干预南方国家的内部政治经济和社会结构,从而影响了南方国家的自主性发展道路选择;另一方面,西方世界又通过发展知识的构建和反思消减了南方国家实现经济现代化的政治和社会基础。

事实上,自20世纪50年代开始,与以西方为主导的国际发展体系并道而行的还有一套南南合作体系,但这一体系在联合国等主流体系内影响力相对较弱,相应的话语权、资源供给和全球影响力都相对有限,随着新型南南合作在实践中不断凸显和提升,越来越需要配备高水平的人才和研究力量,当前不管是公共管理、社会学、国际关系等各个传统学科领域内都尚未有发展合作、南南合作等方面的关注点,这与我国当前强调积极参与全球经济治理的倡议在搭配上存在战略空白点,急需快速填补。(作者是中国农业大学人文与发展学院教授,中国南南农业合作学院院长)

http://hqtime.huanqiu.com/share/article/9CaKrnKmDgX?from=singlemessage&isappinstalled=0

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