To address these challenges, Phase II of the Activating Village Courts in Bangladesh (AVCB II) project has been designed and implemented, with a view to improving justice for disadvantaged and marginalized groups by strengthening village courts in 1,080?union parishads in Bangladesh. The goal of this project is to apply a simple legislative framework to the shalish, so as to formalize a mediated practice that has been part of Bangladeshi culture since time immemorial. This will empower poor local people, especially women, to seek remedies for small injustices that impact their quality of life and will help to restore social harmony to villages (Sustainable Development Goal [SDG] targets 16.3 and 16.b). It will also assist local authorities in being more responsive to local justice needs by providing appropriate legal services in the form of efficient village courts (target 16.6).  

The project has been designed using a human rights-based approach to access to justice. Several innovations have been explored in the village court mechanism in the targeted areas, such as the participation of women in justice delivery, capacity development for key stakeholders and behavioural changes for those seeking legal services from the village court. 

The cost to the Government for establishing a village court is low, particularly when compared to the social and economic benefits for the communities they serve. Crime appears to be decreasing, as strict actions are taken against every infraction. Cases are diverted away from the criminal justice system, which reduces pressure on the courts and the number of people entering prison. Local administrators see improvements in social harmony. In addition, women, who make up 36?percent of complainants, feel they will get a fair hearing in a safe environment. Complainants obtain a quick and generally positive outcome; in 80?percent of cases, a settlement is agreed upon and compensation is paid. 

As of 2020, approximately one quarter of the union parishads (1,078 out of 4,571) have activated village courts, providing an accessible, lawful remedy to 21?million people. The average distance is 3?km, and cases seldom last longer than 28?days or take more than two visits. Monthly incomes remain the same (US$50 to $150), but the cost of cases, between $1 and $2.50, is a fraction of those brought in formal courts. To date, 169,304?cases have been reported, with an average of 5?cases reported per month per union parishad. Of those cases, 138,117, or approximately 80?percent, were resolved through village courts. Of those resolved cases, 130,754 decisions, or approximately 95?percent, have been implemented fully at this time (in line with SDG?16 on peace, justice and strong institutions). 

The project has a good possibility of becoming sustainable since it is completely embedded in local government structures, was developed based on the Village Courts Act and is highly relevant to the people it serves, particularly the rural poor. It also impacts those responsible for justice services, including the judiciary, the police, the National Legal Aid Services Organization and civil society organizations. The Government has demonstrated its ownership of the village courts by amending the Village Court Act and disbursing 152.2?million?takas ($1.81?million) of national resources to establish village courts in 1,267?union parishads, which exceeds the goal of the project. It has also issued directives to local administrations regarding the management and monitoring of village courts. One of the major challenges to sustainability is the shortage of human resources in the union parishads to administer the village courts once they have phased out of the project. The Government has been addressing this human resources issue and has begun deploying dedicated staff, Assistant Accountant cum Computer Operators, to each union parishad in order to administer village court issues. 

Lack of access to justice is a chronic problem for many developing countries. They could learn from the experience of Bangladesh in running village courts and adapt these best practices to local contexts in order to fulfil the justice needs of poor and vulnerable people in rural areas, particularly women. In replicating these best practices, countries must focus on increasing the participation of women in the justice delivery process, promoting ownership in local administrations and developing a mechanism to refer cases from police and formal judiciary systems. In addition, integrated approaches that focus on community mobilization and awareness should also be considered to build trust in the village courts among villagers and promote the use of these services in resolving disputes locally and without hassle. The Bangsamoro Autonomous Region of the Philippines expressed interest in this initiative during a visit to Bangladesh. Successful replication in Bangsamoro could facilitate South-South cooperation.